Thursday, October 31, 2013

Stage 1 Breast Cancer Symptoms

Women and men who experience early stages of breast cancer may put off getting an examination to determine the origin of the symptoms. Even if you have been screened recently for breast cancer, it is still critical that you report any symptoms to your doctor so he can recommend a treatment regiment as soon as possible.

Tumor

    The tumor involved in Stage 1 of breast cancer traditionally measures no more than 2 centimeters in diameter. There may one or more tumors located. At this point in the development, the lymph nodes are not yet involved, which means that the cancer is not currently traveling to other parts of the body. The tumors can appear anywhere on the breast or around the underarm area on either side of the patient.

Nipple Sensitivity

    Another symptom of Stage 1 breast cancer is that the nipple(s) are tender and sensitive to the touch. The changing in the nipple(s) can either cause pain, or they may cause discomfort with sensation like being pierced with small needles. The nipple(s) also may start to change shape and in the early stages of breast cancer. There may be a slight discoloration that is orange or red in appearance.

Discharge

    Some of the symptoms of the early stages of breast cancer can be easier to identify than others, such asa discharge from the nipple. The discharge can vary in consistency and color. It could be a clear liquid with a red appearance because it contains blood, yellowish, or it may be a thicker pus discharge.

Pain Outside the Breast

    As Stage 1 breast cancer begins to advance toward becoming Stage 2 breast cancer, some symptoms can be classified with either stage. The most notable of these symptoms is pain or discomfort in the arm that is on the same side as the affected breast. In the early phases, this pain is more of a achy discomfort than a shooting pain.

Transition to Stage 2

    If the discomfort progresses into a shooting pain, the patient is moving toward Stage 2. Therefore, it is important to contact a doctor immediately, as the success rate for treating Stage 1 is noticeably higher than for Stage 2 and beyond.



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Breast Cancer Metastasis Prognosis

Metastatic breast cancer is a condition in which breast cancer has spread to another part of the body. Metastasis, or spreading of the cancer, can happen at any time and may occur even after a breast cancer treatment that was deemed successful. Cancer Monthly reports that almost half of all women diagnosed with breast cancer will have their cancer metastasize. Once the cancer has metastasized, breast cancer survival rates for metastatic breast cancer patients range from 82 percent for Stage II cancer down to 14 percent for Stage IV cancer. There are many different treatment options for metastatic breast cancer; however, the prognosis for women with the condition varies based on several conditions, called prognostic factors.

Extent of Metastasis

    When metastatic cancer is diagnosed, doctors can run tests to try and determine how many different parts of the body the cancer has spread to. Women with fewer metastatic sites have a better prognosis than women who have many tumors spread throughout their bodies. A woman's prognosis is affected not only by the number of metastatic sites but also their location. Cancer that has spread only to areas of the body close to the breast have a more favorable prognosis than breast cancer that has spread to more distant parts of the body.

Organ Involvement

    Breast cancer can metastasize to any part of the body. Tumors that are located on vital internal organs such as the liver, stomach or lungs contribute to a poor prognosis. On the UpToDate website for patients, Dr. Daniel F. Hayes reports that the prognosis is better if the cancer has spread to tissue that is not part of the viscera, such as the chest wall or the lymph nodes. Bone tumors are also more desirable than tumors on internal organs.

Recurrence Interval

    Some women are diagnosed with breast cancer, treated and then later experience a relapse wherein the cancer returns. It is very common for breast cancer to metastasize when it reappears. The longer a woman has gone between her initial cancer treatment and a relapse, the better her prognosis. A woman who has been cancer free for 2 years has a better metastatic breast cancer prognosis than a woman who has only been cancer free for 2 months prior to relapse.

Hormone Receptors

    Some cancer cells have hormone receptors that enable a cell to receive chemical triggers from certain hormones. Estrogen receptors tell cancer cells to grow in the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors tell breast cancer cells to grow in the presence of progesterone. Breast cancer cells can be tested to see if they have hormone receptors. If they do, hormonal treatments may allow a woman's body to produce much less of the hormone that causes the cancer to grow. This will improve a woman's metastatic breast cancer prognosis. Women whose cancer cells are hormone receptor negative will not benefit from hormone therapy.

HER2 Protein

    HER2 is actually the short name used to describe the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 protein. When high levels of this protein are present, it means that the cancer is particularly aggressive, which traditionally has indicated a fairly poor prognosis. However, according to Dr. Sandhya Pruthi of the Mayo Clinic, HER2 positive cancers have been shown to respond very well to a drug called trastuzumab, which kills HER2 positive cancer cells. HER2 positive cancer can indicate a better prognosis if the cancer responds positively to HER2 treatment.


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Medications for Breast Cancer

According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer medications are classified as systemic therapy, a term that means that the medication can be administered orally or intravenously to work on cancer cells located anywhere in your body. This includes chemotherapy, hormone therapies and targeted therapy.

Chemotherapy Facts

    Chemotherapy may be used after surgery to eradicate any remaining cancer cells, before surgery to shrink large tumors or as the main treatment for advanced breast cancer. Chemotherapy drugs may be administered orally or intravenously.

Chemotherapy Drugs

    Common chemotherapy drugs used to treat breast cancer include cyclophophamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, epirubin, docetaxel, paclitaxil and carboplatin. These medications are usually combined with each other in specific formulations.

Hormone Therapy Facts

    Hormone therapy is usually used in combination with other treatments to help minimize the risk of your cancer recurring after receiving surgery. It is also useful in treating recurrent breast cancer.

Hormone Therapy Drugs

    Medications include tamoxifen and toremifene (anti-estrogen medications); fulvestrant (which eliminates your body's estrogen receptors); aromatase inhibitors (like letrozole, exemestane and anastrozole, which block an estrogen-producing enzyme in post-menopausal women) and megestrol acetate (similar to progesterone and useful in treating advanced breast cancer).

Targeted Therapy Facts

    Targeted therapy helps work on the specific genes that mutate and cause cancer. They are usually used in combination with chemotherapy.

Targeted Therapy Drugs

    Medications include trastuzumab, lapatinib and bevacizumab. The type of targeted therapy you receive depends on the type of breast cancer you have.



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