Wednesday, June 26, 2013

Malignant Hyperthermia (MHS)

Posted by Unknown on 12:40 PM with No comments

Malignant Hyperthermia (MHS) is a rare muscle abnormality that causes harmful reaction in a person who is given certain drugs required during surgery. It can cause fatal reaction after a dose of general anesthesia. It can also happen due to heat stroke or extreme exercise.

Symptoms

Following are the symptoms that are observed for the first time when the patient receives an anesthetic dose:
  • Muscle contraction and rigidity.
  • Rapid increase in body temperature; fever can go beyond 110 degree F.
  • Urine color changes to dark brown.
  • Muscle ache; pain in hands and legs.
  • Irregular heartbeat
Some patients also show neurological symptoms like weakness or seizure accompanied by low blood pressure. These symptoms generally are noticed within an hour, after the medication is administered.

Causes

As aforementioned, if the person is having muscle abnormality and is exposed to certain medications, then malignant hyperthermia can occur. Drugs that are known to trigger this severe reaction are inhaled anesthetics that include enflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane. Medications such as succinylcholine, that is commonly used as a muscle relaxant at the time of surgery, can also cause malignant hyperthermia.

Treatment

The doctors must act fast so that the condition does not worsen. As soon as the symptoms are detected, the first and foremost step is to stop the anesthetic medication to prevent any further complications. The surgery should also be immediately stopped. In such cases, doctors give a medicine (Dantrolene) to stabilize the condition of the patient. Dantrolene treatment is commonly used to reduce the impact of this reaction. The drug dantrolene relaxes the muscles. Initially, dantrolene is given into the veins to improve the condition. Once the patient's condition improves, the medication is continued in pill form for a few days. If the symptoms are identified early, then the treatment will give a successful outcome.

In order to reduce the fever, you can also take the help of cooling blankets. Cooled fluids, tepid sponging, cool nasogastric lavage are used to decrease the body temperature. Other treatments include administering oxygen and monitoring the patient's conditions in an intensive care unit. If left untreated, it can lead to life-threatening complications like brain hemorrhage, internal bleeding, kidney failure and cardiac arrest.

Susceptibility

It is an inherited disorder causing muscle abnormality. If the patient has a family history of MHS, then the person has a higher chance of inheriting this defect. This disorder generally occurs mostly in children and people below 30 years.

Duration

If the treatment is given on time, symptoms will go away within a period of 12 to 24 hours. However, the damage caused by this fatal reaction can be permanent, in case the treatment is delayed.

One way to prevent this fatal reaction is by notifying the doctor about your sensitivity to anesthesia, so that he avoids using high-risk anesthetics. A number of safe, alternative anesthetics have been developed that do not trigger any reaction. Therefore, informing the anesthesiologist about your health and family history before any surgery is an absolute must.

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Tuesday, June 25, 2013

Non-infectious Diseases

Posted by Unknown on 5:56 PM with 4 comments

When one mentions disease, the next thought that runs through your mind is 'will I catch an infection?'. It is not wrong to worry about an infection as most of the diseases are caused by microorganisms that can pass on from one person to another. However, not all diseases are infectious. There are many non-infectious diseases that do not spread from one person to another. These non-infectious diseases are also known as non-communicable diseases.

What are Non-Infectious Diseases?

Those diseases that are not caused by a pathogenic agent, and cannot be transferred from one person to another are called non-infectious diseases. There are many types of non-infectious diseases that are caused by different factors. These factors include genetics, environment, nutritional deficiency, or lifestyle patterns. These diseases are not transmissible, but genetic diseases are generally passed down from parents to their children.

What Causes Non-Infectious Diseases in Humans?

Non-infections diseases are caused by genetic inheritance, environmental disposition or lifestyle pattern. Some diseases can either occur as an interaction of genetic disorder and environmental factors. Let us have a look at the causes below:

Genetic Diseases
Diseases that are caused by chromosomal errors come under non-infectious diseases. These diseases are not communicable, but can be transferred from parents to their children during fertilization. There are different types of mutations that occur. These include single gene mutation, rearrangement of genetic information and change in chromosomal numbers.
  • Achondroplasia
  • Acid Maltase deficiency
  • Albinism
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Angelman syndrome
  • Bardet-Biedl syndrome
  • Bloom syndrome
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Canavan disease
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
  • Color blindness
  • Cri du chat syndrome
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Down's syndrome
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Galactosemia
  • Hemophilia
  • Huntington's disease
  • Jackson-Weiss syndrome
  • Krabbe disease
  • Klinefelter's syndrome
  • Langer-Giedion syndrome
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • Marfan syndrome
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Myotonic dystrophy
  • Nail-patella syndrome (NPS)
  • Neurofibromatosis
  • Noonan syndrome
  • Osteogenesis
  • Patau syndrome
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Porphyria
  • Prader-Willi syndrome
  • Retinoblastoma
  • Rett syndrome
  • Sickle-cell disease
  • Spina bifida
  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • Triple X syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • Usher syndrome
  • Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
  • Waardenburg syndrome
  • Wilson's disease
  • Xeroderma pigmentosum
  • XXXX syndrome
  • YY syndrome
Environmental Diseases
The category of non-infectious diseases due to environmental factors is a very broad term. This category encompasses a range of factors like sunlight, food, lifestyle, pollution, occupational hazards, etc. These environmental diseases are influenced by genetic predisposition of an individual, as well as type of lifestyle. Examples of noninfectious diseases caused by environmental factors are as follows:
  • Diabetes
  • Heart diseases
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Asthma
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Narcolepsy
  • Osteoporosis
  • Appendicitis
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Emphyema
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Glaucoma
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • Tick paralysis
As you can see, most of these diseases arise due to drug, alcohol abuse, tobacco abuse, eating unhealthy junk food and sedentary lifestyles. Many congenital diseases are due to genetics and environmental factors put together (e.g. Fetal alcohol syndrome). These diseases have become of the leading causes of deaths worldwide according to World Health Organization (WHO). So, the take home message is non-infectious diseases in humans is not transmissible from person to person. But, choosing a healthy lifestyle, and avoiding factors that lead to these diseases will help prevent their occurrence to some extent.

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